INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
International Journal of Public Relations and Social Sciences (IJPRSS) is a quarterly publication by Word Astra Publishers. It is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing scholarly research, critical analysis, and professional practice in public relations and the broader social sciences. The journal provides a platform for academics, practitioners, and policy makers to explore contemporary issues in communication, media, society, governance, development, and related fields from local, regional, and global perspectives.
IJPRSS publishes under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, allowing reuse and adaptation with proper attribution.
Employee Relations and Organisational Identification in Construction Companies in Nigeria
This study examined the influence of employee relations on organisational identification in Nigerian construction companies, focusing on Hensek Integrated Company and Amitec Global. Anchored on Social Identity Theory and Organisational Identification Theory, the research explored how communication, reward systems, recognition practices, fairness, and promotional opportunities shape employees’ attachment and alignment with organisational values. A survey research design employing a census approach was adopted, involving all 353 employees, complemented by interviews with two public relations management staff. Data were collected through a structured four-point Likert questionnaire and analysed using frequency distribution, percentage, and weighted mean scores, while thematic analysis was applied to interview responses. Findings indicate that employees in both organisations demonstrate strong organisational identification, with Hensek employees (WMS = 3.07) slightly higher than those of Amitec (WMS = 3.03). All examined dimensions of employee relations positively influence identification, with overall weighted mean scores of 2.98 across organisations. Communication and fairness practices were particularly salient, reinforcing employees’ sense of belonging, pride, and alignment with organisational objectives. The study concludes that effective, transparent, and equitable employee relations strategies significantly enhance organisational identification in construction companies. It also highlights the practical importance of structured employee engagement, recognition, and fair policies in sustaining loyalty and commitment. A key recommendation is that management should prioritise transparent and inclusive communication mechanisms, ensuring employees understand organisational goals, roles, and expectations, thereby reinforcing their psychological attachment and commitment. This study contributes empirical evidence on the relationship between employee relations strategies and organisational identification in Nigerian construction contexts, offering insights for managers seeking to strengthen workforce alignment and organisational performance. Files
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Service Innovativeness and Customer Commitment of Airlines in Rivers State
This study examined the relationship between service innovativeness and customer commitment. A sample of eighty-six (86) air travelers was selected for the study using the judgmental sampling method. 86 copies of questionnaires were distributed to respondents and returned as usable. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson product-moment correlation with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. The study findings revealed that there exists a strong positive relationship between service innovativeness and customer commitment of airlines in Rivers State. The findings indicate that the level of attention these airlines give to innovativeness directly influences the extent of air travelers' commitment. Therefore, we recommend that airlines prioritize service innovativeness by utilizing modern, relevant technology.
Poverty and Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Structural Constraints and Pathways to Inclusive and Sustainable Development
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for the largest share of the global extreme poor despite experiencing sustained periods of economic growth over the past two decades. At the same time, income inequality remains persistently high in most parts of the region, raising critical concerns about the inclusiveness and sustainability of prevailing development trajectories. This research argues that poverty persistence in SSA cannot be explained by insufficient economic growth alone. Rather, income inequality acts as a structural constraint that diminishes the poverty elasticity of growth, while the quality of institutions determines whether economic expansion translates into widespread welfare benefits. This study creates an integrated analytical framework that connects growth dynamics, income distribution, governance capacity, and environmental vulnerability by drawing on development economics, political economy, structural transformation theory, and sustainability scholarship. Through a structured critical synthesis of empirical evidence and theoretical contributions, the study reveals that durable poverty reduction in SSA requires coordinated reforms in employment-intensive transformation, fiscal redistribution, institutional accountability, human capital development, and climate resilience. By repositioning inequality as a mediating mechanism within the growth–poverty nexus, this research contributes to contemporary debates on inclusive development and advances policy-relevant insights aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Social Support Networks and Work-Family Balance of Married Female Bankers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
The study investigated how social support networks predict work-family balance of married female bankers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Five research questions and five corresponding null hypotheses guided the conduct of the study. A correlational design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised 327 married female bankers working in 181 commercial banks in Akwa Ibom State. A sample of 327 married female bankers was selected for the study using the census sampling technique. One researcher-made instrument titled “Social Support Networks and Work-Family Balance Questionnaire” (SSNWFBQ) was used for data collection. The instrument, which was divided into two sections, was subjected to face validation by three experts. The internal consistency of the instrument was established, and a reliability coefficient of 0.75 was obtained, implying that the instrument is reliable. Simple and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis at the 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that social support dimensions taken separately and collectively significantly predicted work-family balance of married female bankers. The study concluded that social support networks play a critical role in enhancing the work-family balance of married female bankers. Based on the findings of the study, five recommendations were made, among which is that bank management in Akwa Ibom State should organize regular workshops, counselling sessions, and professional development programs that will equip married female bankers with time management, stress management, and problem-solving skills.
Electoral Accessibility and Political Participation of Persons with Disabilities
This study examines the relationship between electoral accessibility and the political participation of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, focusing on the provision of assistive aids during the 2023 general elections. Using a mixed-methods design, survey data and structured field observations were collected from 285 registered voters with disabilities across selected local government areas. Descriptive statistics and multivariate and univariate tests were employed to assess the influence of magnifying glasses for persons with albinism, easy-to-read voter education guides for persons with autism, and ramps for mobility-impaired voters on electoral participation. The results indicate a significant relationship between the provision of magnifying glasses and participation among persons with albinism. In contrast, easy-to-read guides did not show a significant effect for persons with autism, while the widespread absence of ramps revealed persistent structural barriers for mobility-impaired voters. The study highlights gaps in the implementation of disability-inclusive electoral measures and advances policy recommendations for strengthening institutional accessibility standards in Nigeria's electoral framework.
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The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Its Application and Effectiveness
This article explores the precautionary principle as a central concept of international environmental law, emphasising its role in preventing environmental harm even in the face of scientific uncertainty. It traces the evolution of the principle from a moral guideline to a legally recognised standard embedded in international treaties and domestic legislation. The study clarifies its meaning, origin, and relevance within global environmental governance while examining how it has been integrated into various international legal frameworks. Using a doctrinal research approach, the article investigates the implicit recognition of the principle within Nigeria’s environmental legal system and compares its application in Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The comparative analysis highlights significant disparities in enforcement and consistency, largely due to institutional weaknesses, corruption, inadequate political commitment, and economic pressures. It also identifies how scientific disagreements and legal ambiguities limit effective implementation. The study concludes that while the principle enjoys widespread acknowledgement, its practical impact remains uneven. To strengthen its effectiveness, the article recommends embedding the principle clearly into national laws, empowering enforcement agencies through training and resources, promoting research-based policymaking, and encouraging community participation in environmental decisions. These measures, it argues, would enhance the precautionary principle’s role in protecting the environment and advancing sustainable development.
Restructuring and socio-economic development in Nigeria: Public Perception in Akwa Ibom State
The subject of restructuring Nigeria remains one of the most current and heated debates in the social and political terrain of the country. However, the Federal Government of Nigeria is yet to fully consider the restructuring of some sectors of the country's economy. This study was undertaken to investigate public perception of the role of restructuring on the social and economic development of Nigeria. Three specific objectives, three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study in order to investigate public perception of the role of restructuring on the social and economic development of Nigeria. The literature review was guided by the specific objectives. Robert Dahl's theory of pluralism and Anthony Giddens' structural agency theory were utilised in the study. A cross-sectional research design was used for this study, and the Taro Yamane formula was utilised for the determination of an adequate sample size. The purposive sampling method was used in the selection of the headquarters of three senatorial districts in the study area, and one thousand two hundred and thirty-five (1,235) respondents were also purposively selected for the study. Data were collected through the administration of a structured questionnaire. The data were analysed quantitatively using the chi-square in order to test the association between selected variables in the study. The findings reveal an association between restructuring and the social, economic and security development of Nigeria. Restructuring Nigeria has the prospect of solving the country's security challenges as well as creating social and economic development through employment, job creation and industrialisation. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the federal government should adopt restructuring as a top item on their agenda because it seems to be the practical way out of Nigeria's current socioeconomic woes.
Job Creation Programmes, Unemployment and Labour Market Policies in Nigeria
Governments often launch job creation programmes during economic downturns to directly tackle rising unemployment rates. Job creation remains a central priority of Nigeria's labour market policies due to the country's persistently high rates of unemployment, underemployment, and informality. Despite numerous interventions such as the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), N-power, You Win, and various agricultural and entrepreneurship schemes, the outcomes have been limited in scope and sustainability. This work examines the major issues confronting job creation programmes within Nigeria's labour market teamwork. A critical challenge is the persistent mismatch between the skills supplied by educational institutions and the demands of the labour market, leaving many graduates unemployed, while reliance on oil revenues undermines the sustainability of job creation programmes, as funding fluctuates with global oil prices, while non-oil sectors remain underdeveloped. The study identify high informality in the labour market, weak institutional coordination, and limited monitoring mechanisms as further constraints on effective programme delivery. The paper also examines how political interference and patronage often compromise transparency, while regional and gender disparities hinder inclusivity, with women and northern youth disproportionately excluded. Moreover, most interventions are short-term and fail to create permanent or private sector-driven employment, as poor infrastructure, insecurity and business environment challenges limit private investment in creation. The study highlights Nigeria's job creation programmes that have been unable to address the structural causes of unemployment, poverty, and inequality. The study adopted the data collection method by contacting texts and journals for more information. In conclusion, meaningful progress requires a comprehensive approach that strengthens institutional capacity, fosters economic diversification, enhances skill development designed for market needs, and creates an enabling environment for private sector-led job creation.
Informal Sector Economic Diversification
Delays in Payment and Data Management in Pension Administration and Retiree Welfare in Nigeria
Pension administration remains a critical pillar of social protection systems, particularly in developing countries where retirees depend heavily on post-employment income for survival. In Nigeria, persistent delays in the payment of pension benefits and widespread challenges in record-keeping and data management continue to undermine the effectiveness of the pension system. This study investigates the extent to which payment delays affect the financial stability and quality of life of retirees and examines how inadequate documentation, poor archival systems, and data mismanagement impede efficient pension administration. Anchored on institutional and administrative efficiency frameworks, the study employs a mixed-methods design to explore the experiences of retirees and the operational realities of pension administrators across selected public institutions. Findings reveal that payment delays exacerbate financial insecurity, increase vulnerability to poverty, and undermine retirees' health and psychosocial wellbeing. Furthermore, inadequate record-keeping, characterised by missing files, inconsistent documentation, manual data storage, and limited digital infrastructure, significantly contributes to processing bottlenecks, verification delays, and administrative inefficiencies. The study concludes that pension administration in Nigeria requires robust digital reforms, stronger regulatory oversight, and improved administrative capacity. It recommends the adoption of centralised digital pension databases, biometric verification systems, staff training, and strict enforcement of compliance regulations to enhance transparency, accuracy, and timely benefit delivery.
Conflicting Diplomatic Roles and Problems with International Court of Justice Principles
Diplomats occupy a central position in the management of international relations, yet their responsibilities often generate inherent tensions that complicate the execution of foreign policy. They are required to simultaneously defend national interests, negotiate agreements, promote trade and cooperation, gather political and economic intelligence, and protect the welfare of their nationals abroad. Within this complex international environment, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other international tribunals play an increasingly prominent role in the peaceful settlement of disputes. Consequently, safeguarding the independence of these institutions and their members has become critically important. This paper critically examines the effectiveness of the International Court of Justice by identifying and analysing the structural, legal, and political challenges that undermine its functioning. It highlights key issues relating to the Court's jurisdiction, political constraints, procedural weaknesses, challenges of legitimacy and representation, and gaps in its mandate. The study further explores how these problems affect global peace and justice and considers potential reforms, practical solutions, and broader implications for global governance, demonstrating why strengthening the ICJ is essential for promoting fairness, accountability, and the rule of law in the international system.
Medium Powers and Emerging Economies: A Study of BRICS and MINT
The emerging markets mainly refer to the economics of low and middle-income countries. Because of their rapid growth potential, the emerging markets give significant investment opportunities but also often present problems, including underdeveloped infrastructure, difficulties in obtaining reliable information, corruption, and the need to manage governmental bureaucracies. All the MINT and some of the BRICS countries share these common problems. Thus, the crux of this study was the need to establish how BRICS and MINT can sustain the level of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow and ensure it results in economic growth and socio-economic transformation of their countries. This work adopted the historical and descriptive research methods; data were drawn from secondary sources, and the work adopted “dependency,” “classical,” and middle path” theories as the theoretical framework of analysis. The major finding of the work was that the pattern of international relations between the most advanced economies and BRICS and MINT economies is skewed to the advantage of the most advanced economies of the North. In the final analysis the work recommended, among others, that the governments of BRICS and MINT need to ensure that their countries remain attractive for investment. It also suggested that BRICS and MINT also need to ensure political stability in their countries, as this will reduce investment risk.
Social Media Engagement and Public Service Delivery: evidence from Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube Use by INEC in Akwa Ibom State
This study examines the influence of Facebook, X, and YouTube on service delivery of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study specifically assessed the effect of Facebook, determined the extent of X's influence, and examined the effect of YouTube on INEC's service delivery. A survey research design was adopted, with 400 questionnaires administered to INEC staff, ad hoc personnel, and registered voters; 381 valid responses were analyzed. The instrument was validated and found reliable (Cronbach's α = 0.86). Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25) through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis, with relevant diagnostic tests conducted to ensure model robustness. Findings revealed that Facebook, X, and YouTube exerted statistically significant positive effects on INEC's service delivery, with Twitter showing the strongest influence. The study concludes that strategic use of social media enhances electoral service delivery and recommends that INEC strengthen its institutional social media framework to promote effective public engagement and transparency.
Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
Copyright (c) 2026 Hannah Abasiekong, Enefiok Ibok, Dr Udoh, U., Dr Mbon, N. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urbanization, Income Inequality and Poverty in Nigeria
This study applies the Toda–Yamamoto non-Granger causality approach to examine the relationships among urbanization, economic inequality, and poverty in Nigeria over the period 1981–2024. The primary objective is to determine whether urbanization and income inequality exert causal effects on poverty. The results reveal multiple statistically significant causal linkages among the variables. Although inflation exhibits a relatively weak effect, population growth, population density, migration, income inequality, and unemployment are found to significantly cause poverty. The findings suggest that rapid urbanization in Nigeria has not been accompanied by adequate economic opportunities or infrastructure development, thereby exacerbating poverty levels. Consistent with demographic transition theory, poverty, migration, and inequality contribute to increased population growth. Furthermore, poverty, population growth, population density, and income inequality significantly influence migration patterns, lending empirical support to the push–pull theory of migration. Income inequality is shaped by a combination of socioeconomic and demographic factors, while migration and unemployment emerge as key determinants of inflation.
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Traditional Administration and Crime Prevention in Akwa Ibom State
The diversity that characterises human nature in social and political life provides a distinct setting for manipulating attitudes and behaviours toward crime. As such, rural communities worldwide adopt various strategies to prevent and control crime, including community policing, neighbourhood watch programmes, and local conflict resolution mechanisms. The participation of rural communities in crime prevention and control is assumed to be effective in various contexts, as it enhances the capacity for early detection and intervention, thus reducing the incidence of crime. This study, therefore, focused on traditional administration and its role in crime prevention. The literature review for the study was divided into three sections: conceptual review, theoretical framework, and empirical review. The study relied on the Integrated Theory of Peace. A mixed research design was adopted, with 400 respondents selected using Taro Yamane's sample size determination technique. Data were analysed using Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient at a 0.05 significance level. The study concluded that traditional administration significantly influences crime prevention in Akwa Ibom State. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the Government of Akwa Ibom State enact more appropriate laws to empower traditional rulers in crime prevention.
Performance Measurement and Technological Innovation in Enhancing Organizational Performance
Nigeria's Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) has long struggled with inefficiencies in service delivery, particularly due to the lack of effective performance measurement systems and outdated administrative practices. Despite the introduction of reforms aimed at modernising operations, including e-administration and performance tracking mechanisms, the CAC's organisational performance remained suboptimal. This study investigates how the adoption of performance measurement and e-administration (modern technologies) has contributed to improving the CAC's efficiency and service delivery. Using Public Choice Theory as the guiding framework, the study employed both descriptive and survey research methods, gathering data from 388 respondents, including CAC staff and registered business owners. The results demonstrate that the integration of performance measurement systems and e-administration has led to measurable improvements in the CAC's operational efficiency and accountability. The findings highlight that these reforms have enhanced the speed and transparency of service delivery, contributing to better overall organisational performance. The study recommends that the CAC continue strengthening its performance measurement frameworks and expand its use of technology to improve service delivery and maintain public confidence.
Perception of Global Public Relations Management: Challenges, Issues, and Implications at UNIUYO and AKSU
This study investigates students' perceptions of global public relations (PR) management in Nigeria, focusing on undergraduates from the University of Uyo (UNIUYO) and Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU). The research is anchored on the Excellence Theory, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, and the Professional Competence Theory, providing a framework to examine how cultural, ethical, and technological issues shape the reception of global PR in developing contexts. Employing a survey design, a stratified random sample of 380 students was drawn from an estimated population of 20,000. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings indicate that cultural barriers (78%), technological limitations (65%), and ethical dilemmas (59%) significantly influence students' perceptions of global PR. Case studies including Coca-Cola's 'Share a Coke' campaign, Shell's Niger Delta crisis, the 2021 Twitter ban in Nigeria, and MTN's regulatory disputes were used to contextualise findings. The study concludes that global PR strategies must incorporate cultural sensitivity, ethical accountability, and digital adaptability to succeed in the Nigerian context. It recommends integrating global PR case studies into Nigerian higher education curricula to better prepare future practitioners. The study contributes to global PR scholarship by combining international theory with local perspectives, highlighting the implications for policy, practice, and education in emerging markets.
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Cross Border Crimes in the Sub-Region
The formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was marked by the signing of a treaty in Lagos on May 28, 1975, and its main purpose was to remove all barriers hindering the free movement of goods, capital, and people within the sub-region. Even though the initiative intended to facilitate economic growth and improve the living standards in the region, it unintentionally created problems in controlling the security across West African borders. This paper investigates the impact of transnational offences on regional security. It was guided by three key objectives: first, to determine whether the rise in crossborder criminal activities poses a threat to the national security of ECOWAS member states; second, to clarify the relationship between the ECOWAS Protocol on the Free Movement of Persons and cross-border security concerns; and third, to examine the methods employed by criminal syndicates operating within the region. The study draws primarily on the theories of state autonomy and failed statehood, using qualitative secondary data sourced from a wide range of documentary materials. The findings reveal that although ECOWAS leadership has consistently prioritised regional integration, these efforts continue to be undermined by persistent security challenges, largely stemming from inadequate border management. Consequently, one of the main suggestions was to reinforce the measures taken in the sub-region to fight cross-border crime; this could involve collaborations between governments and NGOs. Moreover, the authors pointed out that there should be a fast-tracking of the establishment of the ECOWAS Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Centre (ECPCJSC) as described in Article 46 of the ECOWAS conflict mechanism. This centre should be a point of contact to facilitate legal assistance between the different jurisdictions.
The Psychological and Behavioral Impact of Corporal Punishment on Secondary School Students
This study examines the psychological and behavioural impact of corporal punishment on secondary school students in Eket Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Despite the growing evidence of its negative effects, corporal punishment remains widely used in many schools as a disciplinary tool. The research employed a descriptive survey design, utilising structured questionnaires to gather data from 15 teachers and counsellors in both public and private schools. Public schools still frequently use corporal punishment to enforce discipline, according to the findings. However, its effectiveness in promoting long-term positive behavioural changes is limited. Students subjected to corporal punishment reported feelings of fear, anxiety, and low self-esteem, which can lead to aggression, avoidance, and even school dropout. In contrast, private schools, which applied corporal punishment less frequently, favoured alternative methods such as positive reinforcement and counselling, leading to more sustainable behavioural changes. The study concludes that corporal punishment is an ineffective disciplinary measure that harms students' psychological well-being and academic success. The study recommends the adoption of non-violent disciplinary strategies that focus on positive reinforcement and student-centred approaches to behaviour modification.
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy Production and Distribution in Nigeria
This review paper is based on an extensive survey of the existing literature and data obtained from reputable online research databases such as IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Key reports and policy documents from Nigerian government agencies, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the World Bank, and other international bodies were also utilised. The literature search focused on keywords including “renewable energy in Nigeria”, “energy policy Nigeria”, “solar energy Nigeria”, “wind energy Nigeria”, “biomass energy Nigeria”, and “hydropower Nigeria”. Included were papers that talked about Nigeria's energy sector, renewable energy technologies, policy frameworks, and socioeconomic effects. Relevant data were extracted from these sources and categorised as quantitative and qualitative. From the review, it is recommended that Nigeria should aggressively pursue the restructuring of its energy system, transitioning from a reliance on fossil fuels to the broad adoption of renewable energy through an effective policy and governance framework, promotion of infrastructure and technology, capacity building and public engagement, among others.
Impact of Broad Money Supply, Exchange Rate, Monetary Policy Rate and Inflation on Nigerian Stock Market Returns (1985-2023)
The stock market plays a vital role in mobilizing long-term capital, and its performance is influenced by key macroeconomic conditions. This study examines the impact of monetary policy variables on stock market returns in Nigeria from 1985 to 2023. Specifically, it investigates the effects of broad money supply (M2), exchange rate (FXR), monetary policy rate (MPR), and inflation (INF) on the All Share Index (ASI), which serves as a proxy for stock market performance. Employing an ex post facto research design, secondary data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test was used to assess stationarity, while cointegration and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model were employed to analyze both short-run and long-run relationships among the variables. The stationarity results reveal that M2, FXR, and INF are integrated of order zero [I(0)], whereas ASI and MPR are integrated of order one [I(1)], indicating a mixed order of integration. The findings show that inflation negatively affects stock market returns, while the exchange rate has a positive long-run influence but an insignificant short-run effect. Moreover, both the monetary policy rate and broad money supply exert positive effects on the ASI, with the latter demonstrating a statistically significant impact. The study concludes that monetary policy variables have both positive (M2 and MPR) and negative (FXR and INF) influences on stock market performance in Nigeria. It recommends that policymakers strengthen institutional and policy frameworks to ensure effective monetary management, focusing on domestic policy instruments that can mitigate the adverse effects of external economic shocks.
The Socio-Cultural Impact of Childlessness on Married Couples
Childlessness remains a significant global concern, particularly in Akwa Ibom North West Senatorial District, where it is associated with illness, drug use, lifestyle choices, and biological infertility. This study investigates the sociocultural impacts of childlessness on marriage, emphasizing psychological trauma, social exclusion, and marital instability. Guided by feminist theories by Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) and Betty Friedan (1963), the study utilized purposive and stratified sampling techniques. A sample of 350 respondents was drawn from a population of 1,894,000 using the SurveyMonkey sample size formula. Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed using Chi-Square statistical methods. The findings revealed a significant relationship between childlessness and both alcohol/smoking habits (χ² = 12.92 > 9.49, p < 0.05) and the intake of orthodox medicine (χ² = 73.86 > 9.49, p < 0.05). These results indicate that lifestyle and treatment approaches influence reproductive outcomes. The study recommends targeted public health education, responsible health-seeking behaviours, and joint medical consultations by couples to reduce stigma and improve fertility outcomes.
Political Parties and Electoral Administration in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
This study critically examines the relationship between election administration and sustainable democratic governance in Nigeria, with particular focus on the 2019 and 2023 presidential elections in Akwa Ibom State. The research investigated two core objectives: the role of political parties in sustaining democratic governance and the effectiveness of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in administering credible elections. A descriptive survey design was adopted, utilising a structured questionnaire and relevant secondary data from scholarly publications and official reports. Data were analysed using the chi-square (χ²) statistical method at a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that political parties play a pivotal role in deepening democratic values through voter mobilisation and issue-based campaigns. However, their effectiveness is hampered by internal undemocratic practices, violent conduct, and prioritisation of personal or sectional interests over national development. The study also found that while INEC demonstrated efforts in election preparation and logistical deployment, its performance was undermined by political interference, operational inefficiencies, and the compromise of security agencies during election periods. These weaknesses negatively impacted the credibility and transparency of the electoral process, posing challenges to Nigeria's democratic consolidation. The study recommends strengthening INEC's autonomy and institutional capacity, enforcing internal democracy within political parties, and enhancing synergy among election stakeholders, particularly security agencies, to ensure credible, free, and fair elections capable of sustaining Nigeria's democratic governance.
Influence of Trade Unions on Workforce Diversity Management
This study examines the influence of trade unions on workforce diversity management in Nigeria's public sector, with a focus on how union activities contribute to promoting inclusivity, fairness, and equity within public institutions. Anchored on the Social Exchange Theory (SET), the study adopts a quantitative research design, utilizing structured questionnaires distributed to 350 public sector employees, comprising 250 unionized and 100 non-unionized workers. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), with descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis employed to assess the relationship between trade union involvement and workforce diversity management. Findings reveal that 62.9% of respondents agreed that trade unions play a significant role in fostering diversity and inclusion, while correlation analysis (r = 0.674, p < 0.01) established a strong positive relationship between union involvement and workforce inclusivity. Moreover, regression analysis confirmed that trade union involvement (β = 0.541, p < 0.01) is the most significant predictor of diversity management, followed by years of experience (β = 0.215, p < 0.01), while gender differences were statistically insignificant (β = -0.092, p = 0.219). The study concludes that trade unions are key drivers of diversity management in Nigeria's public sector, yet collaborative efforts between unions and public sector management are necessary to fully achieve workplace inclusivity and equity. The study recommends strengthening union advocacy for diversity policies, capacity building, and the inclusion of more women in union leadership roles to bridge existing diversity gaps.
Traditional Human Capital Theory (HCT) views children as investments, focusing on how they can be transformed into productive members of society. The Economics of Human Development (EHD), an extension of HCT, aligns more closely with the Capability Approach (CA), which frames investment in children as a societal commitment to fostering their overall human development. This paper, therefore, examines intrahousehold inequality in children's human capital outcomes, with particular attention to the role of parental educational investment in explaining these disparities. The study employed a descriptive survey design, complemented by an inferential research approach, and utilized purposive random sampling to select 50 households within Uyo metropolis. Findings shows that education is globally recognized, across developed and developing nations, as a crucial investment in the future of children. While parents retain primary responsibility for shaping their children's educational paths, there is a critical need for government intervention in regulating educational content to align with national development goals.
Fuel Subsidy Removal and the Economic Burden on Students in Akwa Ibom State University
The study examines the effect of fuel subsidy removal on the welfare of students at Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on two dimensions: the impact of increasing transportation costs and the cost of printing academic materials on students limited financial resources. The removal of fuel subsidy led to a significant rise in petroleum prices, thereby intensifying economic pressures on students. Guided by the economic shock theory, the study adopted a quantitative approach and employed a descriptive survey design. A sample of 384 university students was selected from a population of 9,660 using the Taro Yamane formula and weighted sampling technique across faculties. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test of independence. Findings revealed that the increase in transportation costs had a significant adverse effect on students' mobility, while the rising cost of printing academic materials further strained their financial resources. These challenges collectively undermined students' ability to meet academic demands. The study recommends that the university, in collaboration with the Akwa Ibom State Government, implement subsidized transportation services and consider establishing a support mechanism to reduce the cost burden of printing academic materials for students.
External Debt and Economic Growth in Nigeria
This study investigates the empirical relationship between external debt and the performance of the Nigerian economy using annual time series data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, the Debt Management Office, and the World Development Indicators. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was employed as the dependent variable representing economic growth, while external debt, debt servicing, interest rate, exchange rate, gross capital formation, labour force participation rate, and foreign direct investment were used as explanatory variables. Employing the unit root test, bounds test for co-integration, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the findings reveal that external debt has a statistically significant negative impact on economic growth, with a 1% increase in debt reducing output by approximately 0.7%. Similarly, debt servicing negatively affects growth in the short run, reducing output by about 0.11%. These results imply that debt servicing exerts a greater dampening effect on the economy than the debt itself. The study concludes that the external debt-growth relationship in Nigeria is inverse and nonlinear. It recommends aligning external debt management with growth-maximizing debt thresholds and implementing fiscal reforms to enhance debt sustainability and economic performance.
The amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates in 1914 by the British colonial administration united peoples of diverse ethnic, religious and cultural-linguistic backgrounds into what has become the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This forced union, effected without due consultation, sowed the seeds of disunity (“unity in diversity”) that continue to undermine national development. Nigeria's multi-ethnic composition, compounded by political unrest, ethnic chauvinism, corruption, religious bigotry and other social vices, has crippled its progress. Against this background, the present paper examines the effects of ethnicity and religion on national development in Nigeria. The study employed a quantitative methodology, collecting data from 265 respondents via multi-stage cluster and purposive sampling techniques. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 22 with descriptive statistics. Divide and Rule theory provided the theoretical framework. Findings reveal, among others, that ethnicity and religion exert a significant negative impact on national development. On the basis of these findings, it is recommended, among other measures, that Nigeria requires purposeful leadership with a clear vision for placing its citizens at the centre of development, irrespective of ethnic origin or religious affiliation.
The Role of Trade Unions in Ensuring Job Security and Welfare Benefits
This study examines the role of trade unions in ensuring job security and improving welfare benefits for civil servants in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. It evaluates union effectiveness in negotiating employment retention policies, advocating for better working conditions, and securing workers' rights while identifying key challenges such as government interference, economic constraints, and leadership conflicts. A mixed-methods research design was employed, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews (KIIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs), while secondary data sources included government reports, union documents, and academic literature. Data were analysed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics and inferential techniques such as chisquare tests and regression analysis to assess the relationship between union activities and job security/welfare outcomes. The research is grounded in Marxist labour theory and collective bargaining theory, as they help to highlight the struggle between employers and employees, emphasising unions' role in addressing economic inequalities and underscoring unions' influence in securing favourable labour policies through negotiation. Findings reveal that trade unions significantly contribute to job security, wage increments, and welfare benefits like pensions and healthcare. However, legal restrictions, economnic instability, and leadership disputes hinder their effectiveness. Strengthening legal frameworks, governance, and financial independence can enhance union influence.
The Effect of Industrial Relations Practices on Employee Welfare
Industrial relations play a crucial role in shaping employee welfare, particularly in labour-intensive industries such as the oil and gas sector. This study examines the effect of industrial relations practices on employee welfare in Nigeria's oil and gas industry. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys and interviews with employees, trade union representatives, and HR managers. The findings reveal that effective industrial relations—characterised by fair labour negotiations, collective bargaining, and strong union representation—significantly enhance employee welfare, leading to improved job satisfaction, workplace safety, and financial benefits. However, challenges such as poor policy implementation, labour disputes, and inadequate government enforcement hinder progress. The study unearths the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and better collaboration between stakeholders to improve welfare outcomes. Furthermore, the research contributes to existing literature by providing empirical evidence from Nigeria's oil and gas sector, offering policy recommendations for enhancing industrial relations. Future studies should explore comparative analyses with other sectors and countries to develop broader insights into best practices.
Student-Centered Learning Approaches and Soft Skills Acquisition for Employability Among Undergraduates in Federal Nigerian Universities in SouthSouth, Nigeria.
The study investigated the relationship between student-centred learning approaches and the acquisition of soft skills for employability among undergraduates in federal universities in South-South Nigeria. To achieve this aim, three research objectives and corresponding hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A correlational survey design was adopted. The population comprised all final-year undergraduate students for the 2024/2025 academic session. From this population, a sample of 480 students was selected using multi-stage and simple random sampling techniques across four universities. A researcher-developed instrument titled Student-Centred Learning Approaches and Soft Skills Acquisition for Employability Questionnaire (SCLASSAEQ) was employed for data collection. The instrument was validated through face validity, and its reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a coefficient of 0.82. Research questions and hypotheses were analysed using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC), with hypotheses tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that interdisciplinary learning, experiential learning, and digital literacy training were positively and significantly related to the acquisition of soft skills for employability among undergraduates. It was concluded that student-centred learning approaches have a positive influence on the development of employability-related soft skills. The study recommended that federal universities should systematically integrate interdisciplinary learning, experiential learning, and digital literacy training into academic programmes to effectively enhance soft skills development and improve students' readiness for the job market. Furthermore, partnerships between universities and industries should be strengthened to provide more internship opportunities, mentorship programmes, and hands-on projects aligned with employability skills.